Chemical Bond and Crystal Field Theory

TextBooks Sr No T-1 T-2 Title Engineering Chemistry Chemistry Reference Books Sr No R-1 Other Reading Sr No OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 Journals articles as Compulsary reading (specific articles, complete reference) http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/journal/10. 1002/(ISSN)1097-4601 , http://www. springer. com/chemistry/electrochemistry/journal/10800 , http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/journal/13882481 , http://www. springerlink. com/content/100224/ , http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/journal/00108545 , http://pubs. acs. org/journal/joceah , http://www. ciencedirect. com/science/journal/00323861 , Title Author Edition 1st Year 2011 Publisher Name Cengage Learning Chemistry-Concepts and Applications Steven S. Zumdahl Author Suba Ramesh,S. Vairam , P. Kalyani Raymond Chang Edition 1st 9th Year 2011 2008 Publisher Name Wiley Tata McGraw Hill Relevant Websites Sr No RW-1 RW-2 RW-3 RW-4 RW-5 RW-6 (Web address) (only if relevant to the course) http://www. klte. hu/~lenteg/an imate. html http://dwb4. unl. edu/chemAnime/atomic_orbits. htm http://www. mhhe. com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18. wf Salient Features Chemistry animation and videos Atomic orbital animations Hybridization animation http://jchemed. chem. wisc. edu/JCEDLib/WebWare/collection/open/JCEWWOR019/mo Molecular orbital theory animations movies. html http://www. mhhe. com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2. swf http://dwb4. unl. edu/chemAnime/Electro. htm Activation energy animation Electrochemistry animations RW-7 RW-8 RW-9 http://www. mhhe. com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/galvan5. swf http://dwb4. unl. edu/chemAnime/acid_base. htm http://wwwchem. uwimona. edu. jm:1104/courses/CFT. tml Galvanic Cell animation Acid base animations Crystal field theory Audio Visual Aids Sr No AV-1 AV-2 (AV aids) (only if relevant to the course) http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-2/ Sali ent Features video on Introduction-Atom and molecule http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fallVideo lecture-wave particle duality 2008/video-lectures/lecture-3/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principlesof-chemical-science-fall-2008/video-lectures/lecture-4/ http://ocw. it. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fallAV on wavefunction and orbitals Mulitelectron atoms and electron 2008/video-lectures/lecture-5/ , http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles- configurations of-chemical-science-fall-2008/video-lectures/lecture-6/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-7/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-8/ http://ocw. mit. du/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-10/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-pri nciples-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-12/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-9/, http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principlesof-chemical-science-fall-2008/video-lectures/lecture-13/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-15/ http://ocw. mit. du/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-14/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-14/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-31/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-34/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-35/ http://ocw. mit. du/courses/chemistry/ 5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-26/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-24 http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-25/ AV on wavefunction and orbitals Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations AV on wavefunction and orbitals Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations Covalent and Ionic bond Covalent and ionic bond Electronegativity concept AV AV-3 AV-4 AV-5 AV-6 AV-7 AV-8AV-9 AV-10 AV-11 AV-12 AV-13 AV-14 AV-15 AV-16 AV-17 Hybridization and Shapes of molecules MO theory AV on MO of homonuclear diatomic molecules Av on rate law Av on transition state theory AV on catalysis AV on concept of redox reaction Balancing redox reaction Electrochemical cell AV-18 AV-19 AV-20 AV-21 AV-22 AV-23 AV-24 http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-21 / http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-22/ http://ocw. it. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-23/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-27/ http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-28/ http://wwwchem. uwimona. edu. jm:1104/courses/CFT. html http://ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-30/Classification of acid -base Autoionization of Water, pH Function, Strength of Acids and Bases,Equilibrium Involving Weak Acids and bases pH of salt solutions,buffers, Common ion effect, Acid-base titration. Introduction of coordination compounds, Nomenclature, Crystal Field Theory in octahedral complexes CFT Application of crystal field theory in magnetic properties and colour of the complex LTP week distribution: (LTP Weeks) Weeks before MTE Weeks After MTE Spill Over 7 6 2 Detailed Plan For LecturesWeek Number Lecture Number Broad Topic(Sub Topic) Chapters/Sections of Text/reference books Other Readings, Lecture Description Relevant Websites, Audio Visual Aids, software and Virtual Labs Introduction to syllabus and general discussion on chemical principles Discovery of electron and nucleus Introduction to syllabus and general discussion on chemical principles Discovery of electron and nucleus Learning Outcomes Pedagogical Tool Demonstration/ Case Study / Images / animation / ppt etc. Planned AV17 Week 1 Lecture 1 Atoms and Molecules(Importance T-1:Ch 1 Page 14-15 of chemical principles,Discovery and 25 section 1. of electron and nucleus,Waveand 1. 9 particle duality of light and matter) R-1:Ch 1 Page 25-27 Section 1. 5 Atoms and Molecules(Importance T-1:Ch 1 Page 14-15 of chemical principles,Discovery and 25 section 1. 6 of electron and nucleus,Waveand 1. 9 particle duality of light and matter) R-1:Ch 1 Page 25-27 Section 1. 5 Making them aware about the syllabus and its importance Lecture 2 Making them aware about the syllabus and its importance AV17 Week 1 Lecture 2 Atoms and Molecules(Schrodinger T-1:Ch 1 Page 14-15 equation,Quantum and 25 section 1. 6 numbers,Concept of wavefunction 1. and Ch 1 Page 32 and orbitals) -35 Section 1. 11 T-2:Ch 7 Page 279283 Section 7. 4and Ch 7 Page 286-287 Section 7. 6 Atoms and Molecules(Schrodinger T-1:Ch 1 Page 14-15 equation,Quantum and 25 section 1. 6 numbers,Concept of wavefunction 1. 9 and Ch 1 Page 32 and orbitals) -35 Section 1. 11 T-2:Ch 7 Page 279283 Section 7. 4and Ch 7 Page 286-287 Section 7. 6 Atoms and Molecules(Schrodinger T-1:Ch 1 Page 14-15 equation,Quantum and 25 section 1. 6 numbers,Concept of wavefunction 1. 9 and Ch 1 Page 32 and orbitals) -35 Section 1. 11 T-2:Ch 7 Page 279283 Section 7. 4and Ch 7 Page 286-287 Section 7. Atoms and Molecules (Mulitelectron atoms and electro n configurations) T-1:Ch 1 Page 27-31 35-40 Section 1. 10 1. 12-1. 13 De Broglie Equation, Limitation and numerical Schrodinger equation only and its Importance To explain particle and AV18 wave nature of matter and concept of wavefunctions ,orbitals Lecture 3 De Broglie Equation, Limitation and numerical Schrodinger equation only and its Importance To explain particle and AV18 wave nature of matter and concept of wavefunctions ,orbitals Week 2 Lecture 4 De Broglie Equation, Limitation and numerical Schrodinger equation only and its ImportanceTo explain particle and AV18 wave nature of matter and concept of wavefunctions ,orbitals spd orbitals shapes orientations including s p and d orbitals shapes orientations including nodes Electronic configuration of elements up to 30 atomic number using three building up principles Aufbaus rule Pauli Exclusion principle Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity Only electronegativity Pauling Concepts of Electronegativity To introduce the AV19 20 21 co ncept of orbital to define the arrangement of electrons at different energy level within an atomLecture 5 Atoms and Molecules(Electronegativity concepts,periodic properties) T-1:Ch A Page 87-91 Section A. 1 A. 2 T-2:Ch 7 Page 358375 To provide how does a AV24 covalent bond develop HW1 allotment ionic character Week 2 Lecture 5 Chemical Bonding(Covalent bonds, ionic bonds (Fajan's rule)) T-1:Ch A Page 87-88 Section A. 1 A. 2 and Ch 2 Page 49-54 Section 2. 1-2. 2 T-2:Ch 9 Page 366369 Section 9. 4 T-1:Ch A Page 87-88 Section A. 1 A. 2 and Ch 2 Page 49-54 Section 2. 1-2. 2 T-2:Ch 9 Page 366369 Section 9. 4 T-1:Ch A Page 87-91 Section A. 1 A. T-2:Ch 7 Page 358375 T-1:Ch 2 Page 58-64 T-2:Ch 10 Page 417429 T-1:Ch 2 Page 64-67 Section 2. 6 T-2:Ch 10 Page 429 -432 Section 10. 6 T-1:Ch 2 Page 67-70 Section 2. 6 T-2:Ch 10 Page 432437 Section 10. 7 RW-3 Lewis dot symbols Ionic bond Polar Non polar Covalent bonds and Comparision of the properties of covalent and ionic compounds, Fajans Rule Lewi s dot symbols Ionic bond Polar Non polar Covalent bonds and Comparision of the properties of covalent and ionic compounds, Fajans Rule Only electronegativity Pauling Concepts of ElectronegativityTo provide what type of AV22 23 bonding exist between various atoms to form a molecule Lecture 6 Chemical Bonding(Covalent bonds, ionic bonds (Fajan's rule)) To provide what type of AV22 23 bonding exist between various atoms to form a molecule Atoms and Molecules(Electronegativity concepts,periodic properties) To provide how does a AV24 covalent bond develop HW1 allotment ionic character Week 3 Lecture 7 Chemical Bonding(hybridization and shapes of molecules) sp sp2 and sp3 hybridization and their examples Concept BMO ABMO Bond Order Magnetic characterTo determine how do AV25 various atoms combine to form a molecule To define the existence AV26 stability and property magnetic character of molecule To define the existence AV27 stability and property magnetic character of molecule Lecture 8 C hemical Bonding(Molecular orbital theory) RW-4 Lecture 9 Chemical Bonding(molecular orbital diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecules) MO diagram Bond order and magnetic character of Homonuclear diatomic molecule only Week 4 Lecture 10Solid state(Idea of spatial T-1:Ch 3 Page 95-97 periodicity of lattices,band theory) Section 3. 1-3. 2 Amorphous and To define the nature of crystalline substance unit the substance formed cell Space Lattice due to arrangement of atoms or molecules Band theory Conduction To explain the electrical valence band Energy property of different Gap Application in substances Conductors Band theory Conduction To explain the electrical HW 1 submission valence band Energy property of different Gap Application in substances Semiconductor Types n nd p , Insulators Lecture 11 Solid state(Electrical properties of material like conductor) T-1:Ch B Page 142144 Section B. 3-B. 4 T-2:Ch 20 Page 876878 Section 20. 3 T-1:Ch B Page 145 Section B. 4 T-2:Ch 20 Page 876878 Se ction 20. 3 Lecture 12 Solid state(semiconductor and insulator) Week 5 Lecture 13 Chemical dynamics and Catalysis (Rate laws,nuclear chemistry and elementary reactions) T-1:Ch 6 Page 261268 Section 6. 1-6. 3 T-2:Ch 13 Page 546 – 564 567 Section 13. -13. 3 T-1:Ch 6 Page 287289 Section 6. 6 T-2:Ch 13 Page 568571 Section 13. 4 RW-5 Rate Order of reactions Units of Rate constant Rate law Integrated rate Law derivation amp numerical based on zero amp first Order reactions To have the understanding of reaction the stochiometry of reactants to form products AV28 Lecture 14 Chemical dynamics and Catalysis (Collision theory, Arrhenius concept,application of transition state theory (Energy profile diagram))Collision theory and To explain how do factors affecting it,No various reactions takes Derivation Arhenius place equation terms Activation energy Energy profile diagrams including intermediate and transition state reaction mechanism and To explain the sequence AV29 its evidence of st eps in a reaction and verification of proposed mechanism Lecture 15 Chemical dynamics and Catalysis (Reaction mechanism) T-1:Ch 6 Page 281286 289 Section 6. 56. 6 T-2:Ch 13 Page 571581 Section 13. 4 and13. 5 T-1:Ch 13 Page 581 and 586-588. Section 13. 6 T-2:Ch 14 Page737738 Week 6 Lecture 16 Chemical dynamics and Catalysis (Enzyme catalysis) nzyme catalysis, Protein To explain the increase AV30 chain peptidase in rate of reaction due Test 1 Allotment to substance without being consumed itself during the course of reaction taking enzyme catalysis Homework,Test 1 RW-6 Reduction amp oxidation To provide basics of Oxidizing and reducing electrochemistry To agents Oxidation number provide basics of electron transfer Balancing redox reaction reactions by ion electron method Galvanic cell Anode cathode Salt bridge and its significance Standard reduction potential and SHE Application of series Analytical numerical To explain how a chemical reaction is used to generate electricity and to pro vide possible combination of reactants in order to generate electricity AV31 32 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Electrochemistry(Concept of Redox reaction,Balancing redox reaction) T-1:Ch 8 Page 330332 Section 8. 2-8. 3 T-2:Ch 19 Page 820 822 Section 19. 1 Week 7 Lecture 19 Electrochemistry(Electrochemical T-1:Ch 8 Page 332cell,Application of electrochemical 335 Section 8. 4 Ch 8 series) Page 335-342 345 347-352 Section 8. 58. 6 8. 8 T-2:Ch 19 Page 823 825 Section 19. Ch 19 Page 827 – 830 Section 19. 3 RW-7 Av33 Week 7 Lecture 20 Electrochemistry(Electrochemical T-1:Ch 8 Page 332cell,Application of electrochemical 335 Section 8. 4 Ch 8 series) Page 335-342 345 347-352 Section 8. 58. 6 8. 8 T-2:Ch 19 Page 823 825 Section 19. 2 Ch 19 Page 827 – 830 Section 19. 3 Electrochemistry(Nernst equation, corrosion) T-1:Ch 8 Page 335342 345 347-352 Section 8. 5-8. 6 8. 8 Ch 19 Page 853-854 868 Section 19. 119. 7 T-2:Ch 19 Page 827 830 Section 19. 3 Page 844 – 848 Section 19. 7 T-1:Ch 8 Page 335342 345 347-352 Section 8. 5-8. 6 8. 8 Ch 19 Page 853-854 868 Section 19. 119. 7 T-2:Ch 19 Page 827 830 Section 19. 3 Page 844 – 848 Section 19. 7 RW-7Galvanic cell Anode cathode Salt bridge and its significance Standard reduction potential and SHE Application of series Analytical numerical To explain how a chemical reaction is used to generate electricity and to provide possible combination of reactants in order to generate electricity Av33 Nernst equation numerical General Type Dry and wet Rusting of iron Corrosion prevention including cathodic protection Nernst equation and To explain deterioration of metals and its prevention Lecture 21 Electrochemistry(Nernst equation, corrosion) Nernst equation numerical General Type Dry and wet Rusting of iron Corrosion prevention including cathodic protection Nernst equation and To explain deterioration of metals and its prevention MID-TERMWeek 8 Lecture 22 Acid and bases(Classification of acid-bases, auto ionization of wat er, pH function, strength of acids and bases) T-2:Ch 15 Page 646 – 652 Section 15. 1 15. 2 15. 3 15. 4 RW-8 Different Concepts Arrhenius Bronsted Lowry and Lewis Autoionization of Water pH and Its measurement Strength of Acids and Bases Different Concepts Arrhenius Bronsted Lowry and Lewis Autoionization of Water pH and Its measurement Strength of Acids and Bases Equilibrium Involving Weak Acids and base To explain Different Concepts of Acid and bases pH AV 34 35 Lecture 23 Acid and bases(Classification of acid-bases, auto ionization of water, pH function, strength of acids and bases)T-2:Ch 15 Page 646 – 652 Section 15. 1 15. 2 15. 3 15. 4 RW-8 To explain Different Concepts of Acid and bases pH AV 34 35 Lecture 24 Acid and bases(Equilibrium T-2:Ch 15 Page 647– involving weak acids. equilibrium 663 Section15. 5 15. 6 involving weak bases) Acid base equilibria understanding AV 35 Week 9 Lecture 25 Acid and bases(Equilibrium T-2:Ch 15 Page 647– involving wea k acids. equilibrium 663 Section15. 5 15. 6 involving weak bases) Acid and bases(pH of salt solutions,buffers) T-2:Ch 15 Page 674 – 679 Section 15. 10 Ch 16 Page 698 – 716 Section 16. 216. 4 R-1:Ch 6Page259266 T-2:Ch 15 Page 674 – 679 Section 15. 10 Ch 16 Page 698 – 716 Section 16. 216. R-1:Ch 6Page259266 T-2:Ch 16 Page 698 – 716 Section 16. 216. 4 R-1:Ch 7 Page286314 T-1:Ch 4 Page 165170 Section 4. 5-4. 6 Equilibrium Involving Weak Acids and base pH of salt solutions and buffers Acid base equilibria understanding buffer and salt pH determination AV 35 Lecture 26 AV36 Lecture 27 Acid and bases(pH of salt solutions,buffers) pH of salt solutions and buffers buffer and salt pH determination AV36 Acid and bases(Common ion effect,acid-base titration) Common ion effect and Understanding pH acid base titration curves metric titration ex strong base vs weak acid AV36 Week 10 Lecture 28 Transition Metal Chemistry (Introduction and nomenclature of coordinati on compounds)Coordination compounds To explain the basics of AV 37 Ligands Donor atoms metalcomplexes coordination sphere Chelates oxidation state of central metal coordination number Nomenclature examples RW-9 Concept Splitting Energy Factors effecting Splitting Nature of ligands including Spectrochemical series oxidation state of metal and size of d orbitals CFSE in Tetrahedral complexes Splitting in square planar Comparision between Splitting energy of Octahedral and Tetrahedral complexes Effect of geometry on crystal field splitting To define the existence AV 38 39 and stability of different octahedral tetrahedral and square planar complexes of metals Lecture 29 Transition Metal Chemistry (Crystal Field Theory) T-1:Ch 4 Page 155160 Section 4. 2 Week 10 Lecture 30 Transition Metal Chemistry (Crystal Field Theory) T-1:Ch 4 Page 155160 Section 4. 2 RW-9Concept Splitting Energy Factors effecting Splitting Nature of ligands including Spectrochemical series oxidation state of metal an d size of d orbitals CFSE in Tetrahedral complexes Splitting in square planar Comparision between Splitting energy of Octahedral and Tetrahedral complexes Effect of geometry on crystal field splitting Application of crystal field theory in magnetic properties and colour of the complex Application of crystal field theory in magnetic properties and colour of the complex To define the existence AV 38 39 and stability of different octahedral tetrahedral and square planar complexes of metals Week 11 Lecture 31 Transition Metal Chemistry T-1:Ch 4 Page 163(Application of crystal field theory 164 Section 4. 4 in magnetic properties) T-2:Ch 22 Page 950955 Section 22. Transition Metal Chemistry(Colour T-1:Ch 4 Page 163of the complexes) 164 Section 4. 4 T-2:Ch 22 Page 950955 Section 22. 5 To explain the Av 40 properties magnetic character and colour of metal complexes To explain the AV 40 properties magnetic character and colour of metal complexes Lecture 32 Organometallics(Introductory theory of organometallics and its application) T-1:Ch C Page 187192 Section C. 1 Introduction Example of To explain the basics of Grignard reagent metalcarbon complexes ZeiglerNatta catalyst Application In polymerization with reaction hemoglobin and chlorophyll molecule use of metal in biological system Organometallics(Metals in biology) Lecture 33 Polymerization(Classification of polymers)R-1:Ch 18 page 941945 T-1:Ch 14 Page 601605 Section 14. 114. 2 Terms Monomer To explain different Oligomers Polymers types of polymers polymerization Degree of polymerization Functionality Clasification on the basis of structure types of monomer units Including Types of Copolymers occurance method of synthesis stereochemistry and thermal behavior Uses Addition Condensation and Copolymerisation with examples To provide various Test 2 allotment methods of synthesis of polymers Week 12 Lecture 34 Polymerization(Type of polymerisation) T-1:Ch 14 Page 606607 Section 14. 3 Week 12 Lecture 35 Polymerization(Ap plication of polymers) T-1:Ch 14 Page 601605 634-638 648-649 653-655 Section 14. 1-14. 14. 5-14. 6 Application of polymers To provide uses of polymers Lecture 36 Week 13 Lecture 37 Photochemistry(Jablonskii diagram) Photochemistry(Concept of fluorescence) T-1:Ch 22 Page 984986 Section 22. 3 T-1:Ch 22 Page 983989 Section 22. Homework,Test 2 Jablonskii diagram Singlet triplet To explain different possibilities on absorption of radiation Lecture 38 Concept of fluorescence To provide influence of rdiation on behavior of matter phosphorescence Quantum Yield Application of photochemistry in Photovoltaic solar cell To provide influence of rdiation on behavior of matter To use the principle of photochemistry in Photovoltaic solar cellPhotochemistry(Phosphorescence) T-1:Ch 22 Page 987989 Section 22. 5 Lecture 39 Photochemistry(Application of photochemistry in photo voltaic cell /solar cell) T-1:Ch 22 Page 989991 Section 22. 6 SPILL OVER Week 14 Lecture 40 Lecture 41 Revision Revision revisio n of syllabi upto MTE revision of syllabi after MTE Scheme for CA: Component Homework,Test Frequency 2 Total :Out Of 3 Each Marks Total Marks 10 10 20 20 Details of Academic Task(s) AT No. Objective Topic of the Academic Task Nature of Academic Task (group/individuals/field work Evaluation Mode Allottment / submission Week 2/4 Homework 1 To analyze comprehensive and analytical skills of studentsWave-particle duality of light and matter, Schrodinger equation, Individual Quantum numbers, Concept of wavefunction and orbitals, Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations, covalent bonds, ionic bonds (Fajan’s rule) and electro-negativity concepts, hybridization and shapes of molecules, Molecular orbital theory, molecular orbital diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecule. performance based Homework,Test 1 To analyze the conceptual and analytical skills of students Wave-particle duality of light and matter, SchrA? AÂ ¶dinger Individual equation, Quantum numbers, Concept of wavef unction and orbitals, Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations, covalent bonds, ionic bonds (Fajan's rule) and electro-negativity concepts, hybridization and shapes of molecules, Molecular orbital theory, molecular orbital diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecule.Concept of crystalinity and type of lattices, Band theory and its application in electrical properties of material like conductor, semiconductor and insulator Rate laws,Nuclear chemistry and elementary reaction, Collision theory, Arhenius concept, Application of Transition state theory (Energy profile diagram), Reaction mechanism . Concept of Redox reaction, Balancing redox reaction Individual Electrochemical cell, Nernst equation, Application of electrochemical series, Corrosion, Classification of Acid-Bases, Autoionization of Water, pH Function, Strength of Acids and Bases, Equilibrium Involving Weak Acids. Equilibrium involving weak bases, pH of salt solutions, and buffers,Common ion effect,Acid-base titration, I ntroduction of coordination compounds, Nomenclature, Crystal Field Theory and its application. Classification of polymers. Performance based 6/6 Homework,Test 2To analyze the knowledge of students which they gained from this course. Performance based 11 / 11 Plan for Tutorial: (Please do not use these time slots for syllabus coverage) Tutorial No. Lecture Topic Type of pedagogical tool(s) planned (case analysis,problem solving test,role play,business game etc) Tutorial 1 Importance of chemical principles,Discovery of electron Problem solving and nucleus,Wave-particle duality of light and matter, Schrodinger equation, Quantum numbers Concept of wavefunction and orbitals, Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations,electro-negativity concepts,Periodic properties Problem solving Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3

Repentance in Cry, the Beloved country Essay

Through Paton’s use of faith and forgiveness in Cry, the Beloved Country he demonstrates the concept of redemptive value through Kumalo’s suffering and Absalom’s repentance. Kumalo’s suffering makes the reader feel sympathetic because of the sudden, yet constant, uprising conflicts in the storyline. Absalom’s repentance makes the reader feel reflective because they start to consider the moral lessons being taught in the story. Faith and forgiveness are combined to create the redemptive value of suffering, or repentance. The concept of forgiveness in Cry the Beloved Country is very crucial to the plot because Kumalo has many family members that he needs to forgive before he can leave Ndotsheni to go and help them in Johannesburg. When Kumalo’s wife questions him about his well-being he replies angrily, â€Å"Hurting myself? Hurting myself? I do not hurt myself, it is they who are hurting me. My own son, my own sister, my own brother. They go away and do not write anymore. Perhaps it does not seem to them that we suffer. Perhaps they do not care for it. †(39) Here Kumalo comes to the realization of the importance of this trip to Johannesburg, he must go there to find them and forgive them for the suffering they have caused. When he first goes to find his sister, Gertrude, he is angry at her for shaming his family, â€Å"You have shamed us, he says in a low voice, not wishing to make it known to the world. A liquor seller, a prostitute, with a child and you do not know where it is? Your brother a priest? How could you do this to us? † (61) Kumalo becomes angry interrogating her about her sins hoping, possibly knowing, that between the fear, discomfort, and guilt she feels that she will repent and pray to become a better person. In Book two the perspective shifts to James Jarvis, Father of late Arthur Jarvis, James Jarvis doesn’t have any need to necessarily forgive but he does reconcile a bit while finding things around Arthur’s home and talking to Arthur’s father in-law. While speaking to Harrison, Arthur’s father in-law, James mentions â€Å"‘Although his life was different’, he said, ‘you understood it. ’ ‘Yes, James’ ‘I’m sorry I didn’t understand it’ then he said in a whisper, ‘I didn’t know it would ever be so important to understand it. ’†(175) He feels a bit guilty for not attempting to understand his son’s political importance in life and for not knowing all that he had accomplished during his time alive. In order for someone to forgive another you must also make amends with God, which is why faith is important in the novel. Kumalo talked to Father Vincent about amendment of life, â€Å"‘We spoke of amendment of life’, said the white priest. ‘Of the amendment of your son’s life. And because you are a priest, this must matter to you more than all else, more even than your suffering and your wife’s suffering. † (141) When Father Vincent says that he being a priest matters more than his suffering it demonstrates the important of faith. Father Vincent seems to be suggesting that having a member of Kumalo’s congregation commit murder is more devastating than having his son commit murder. As previously mentioned faith is more important and in this way Kumalo must grieve over the loss of his son and the loss of a member of his congregation. Courage, faith, and hope are all very closely related as courage and hope are commonly religious principle. Knowing the important of faith and forgiveness in Cry, the Beloved Country , after all has been said and done, Absalom is sentenced to death, â€Å"Still kneeling, the father took his son’s hands, and they were not lifeless any more, but clung to his, seeking some comfort, some assurance. And the old man held them more strongly, and said again, ‘be of good courage, my son. ’†(241) Kumalo gives Absalom this simple statement and soon after leaves him to go home and return to Ndotsheni. The first part of the quote, â€Å"and they were not lifeless anymore† is very important because he has transformed from this lifeless criminal into a guilty caring son through faith. Absalom had in fact repented for his crime and can die a forgiven man. The redemptive value of suffering is â€Å"the belief that human suffering, when accepted and offered up in union with the Passion of Jesus, can remit the just punishment for one’s sins or for the sins of another. †(ww. thedefender. org) repentance is equal to this which is mentioned several times through the trial of Absalom Kumalo. The trial is a frustration to the reader because of the honesty of Absalom, â€Å"‘There is no lie in it, for I said to myself, I shall not lie any more, all the rest of my day, nor do anything that is evil. ’ ‘In fact you repented? ’ ‘Yes, I repented. ’†(199) Absalom told the truth and committed a crime out of fear, which brings into question how did he deserve the punishment he was given? He was sentenced to be hung until death, even though this wasn’t ideal, he died with faith, and repentance, and a new family. His moment of true repentance appears to be when he chooses to name his child Peter, this is biblical symbolism for the story of King David, his son was named Absalom and he rebelled against his father. Absalom, soon repented by naming his child Peter, the disciple that denied knowing Jesus. Kumalo knows that Absalom can repent when father Vincent says, â€Å"‘A man may repent him of any evil. ’†(141)This is assuring to Kumalo as now he knows that if his son tries he will be forgiven by God which gives Kumalo peace within. Alan Paton successfully demonstrated the concept of repentance through faith and forgiveness and caused the reader to feel sympathetic and reflective. Paton creates the effect on the reader through Kumalo’s suffering and Absalom’s repentance. The element of repentance is very important to faith and to the story line. Absalom’s repentance is what helps his father and himself deal with the grave sentence of death. Kumalo returns before Absalom’s hanging and continues to live life and move on with the new members of the family.

The Effects of Decreasing Oil Prices on OPEC Creator States Essay

The Effects of Decreasing Oil Prices on OPEC Creator States - Essay Example OPEC was founded in Baghdad, triggered by a 1960 law instituted by American President Dwight Eisenhower that forced quotas on Venezuelan and Persian Gulf oil imports in favor of the Canadian and Mexican oil industries. Eisenhower cited national security, land access to energy supplies, at times of war. When this led to falling prices for oil in these regions, Venezuela's president Romulo Betancourt reacted seeking an alliance with oil producing Arab nations as a preemptive strategy to protect the continuous autonomy and profitability of Venezuela's natural resource: oil (Perkins, 2005). As a result, OPEC was founded to unify and coordinate members' petroleum policies. Original OPEC members include Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Between 1960 and 1975, the organization expanded to include Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), and Nigeria (1971). Ecuador and Gabon were members of OPEC, but Ecuador withdrew on December 31, 1992 because they were unwilling or unable to pay a $2 million membership fee and felt that they needed to produce more oil than they were allowed to under the OPEC quota. Similar concerns prompted Gabon to follow suit in January 1995. Angola joined on the first day of 2007. Indonesia reconsidered its membership having become a net importer and being unable to meet its production quota. The United States was a member during its formal occupation of Iraq via the Coalition Provisional Authority (Yergin; Perkins, 2005). Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion, Moh ammed Barkindo, OPEC's Secretary General, recently asked Sudan to join. Iraq remains a member of OPEC, though Iraqi production has not been a part of any OPEC quota agreements since March 1998. In May 2008, Indonesia left the OPEC group because of the soaring prices and the rising oil demand in East Asia. Economists think that the withdrawal of Indonesia will have little effect on OPEC and on the oil prices even though it has a high percentage in world oil production (Kohl, 2002; Perkins, 2005). The persistence of the Arab-Israeli conflict finally triggered a response that transformed OPEC into a formidable political force. After the Six Day War of 1967, the Arab members of OPEC formed a separate, overlapping group, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, for the purpose of centering policy and exerting pressure on the West over its support of Israel. Egypt and Syria, though not major oil-exporting countries, joined the latter grouping to help articulate its objectives. Later, the Yom Kippur War of 1973 galvanized Arab opinion. Furious at the emergency re-supply effort that had enabled Israel to withstand Egyptian and Syrian forces, the Arab world imposed the 1973 oil embargo against the United States and Western Europe. In the 1970s, the great Western oil conglomerates suddenly faced a unified block of producers. This Arab-Israeli conflict triggered a crisis already in the making. The West could not continue to increase its energy use 5% annually, pay low oi l prices, yet sell inflation-priced goods to the petroleum producers in the Third World. This was stressed by the Shah of Iran, whose nation was the world's second-largest exporter of oil, and one of the closest allies of the United States in the Middle East at the time. "Of

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Goal of education - Research Paper Example Education begins when a person is born. The initial education in a person’s life is acquired from the mother or the guardian. After which, a person advances to other formal education stages. The steps include preschool, primary, secondary, and higher level education. There are those in the society who benefit from special education such as the mentally handicapped (Arnove, 2007). Apart from the formal methods of education mentioned above, there are other forms that people use to acquire knowledge. Among them are alternative forms, indigenous forms, informal learning and self-directed learning (Schlosser & Simonson, 2010). There are many stakeholders’ to education. There are important roles assigned to each stakeholder in order to attain the goals of education. Among the stakeholders are students, parents or guardians, teachers, government, community, and businesses among others (Whitehead, 1967). The theory stipulates the purposes for the educational persuasion. The theory discusses in depth particular issues such as goals of schools, educational psychology, learning modalities, philosophy and curriculum (Collins,

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Math Quiz - Speech or Presentation Example HINT: Please find points on each of y = f( x ) and y = g( x ) and compare the points on y = f( x ) and y = g( x ). 15. Please feel free to use the graph of the equation or test algebraically to determine whether the following equation is an odd function, an even function, a function that is neither odd nor even, or a function that is both odd and even. 19. The weight M of an object on the moon varies directly as its weight E on earth. A person weighs 169.76 lbs on earth weighs 28.86 lbs on the moon. How much would a 241.76-lb person weigh on the moon? 20. The stopping distance d of a car after the brakes have been applied varies directly as the square of the speed r. If a car traveling 60 mph can stop in 200 ft, how fast can a car travel and will stop in 72 ft? d ÃŽ ± r2 or d= kr2 for a speed of 60 mph , the distance is 200ft. therefore, 200= k (60)2 k= 200/3600 = 0.0556 ; Hence d= 0.0556r2 . For a car to stop at 72 ft; 72= 0.0556r2 ; r2= 72/0.0556 = 1294.96 hence r = 35.9856 mph or approximately 36

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Law specialism Incorporated - legal firms and internships - Essay Example Statistic from the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development reveals that more than 20 percent of the employers have plans to hire interns between April and September 2010, this being an increase from the summer of 2009 where only 13 per cent of the employers in the market were willing to hire these interns. On the other hand, the government has supported internships through the Graduate Talent Pool initiative that was initiated in July 2009 that aims at providing additional opportunities to the graduates that have just concluded their studies and are struggling to find work in the recession period. Although there are employment regulations governing the conduct of the organizations that are willing to employ these interns, there are no requirements for the internships to be paid. An internship charter drawn up by the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development voluntarily has codes of practice details a list of six principles upon which an internship should be based to advance t he interests of the intern as well as the hosting organization. It proposes that the recruitment of the interns should be done the same way employees are recruited and proper consideration placed upon the qualifications and skills they have best fit in with the roles they are expected to fill in the firm as well as the advertisement of the internship indicating the length of the internship period. The intern should be indicted into the firm and given the necessary support to integrate them into the firm, offer supervision to the intern, answer questions and provide feedback to the necessary issues they feel need assessment. A formal performance review should be conducted formally by the firm on the intern’s period and give an evaluation of both the firm and the intern. The employees as well as the interns should be treated with the same degree of professionalism as expected in the working environment and be allowed time off occasionally to attend job interviews or complete st udy requirements that come with the completion of the internship period. At the end of the internship period, the firm should be willing to give a certification or a reference letter to the interns with details of the roles undertaken as well as the results of the performance review conducted to help such an intern in his future career development. The Association of Chief Executives of Voluntary Organizations at any one time has 5 interns and roughly 30 staff engaged in a wide variety of responsibilities relating to research, lobbying, campaigning and press work,  including  drafting correspondence, articles and press releases, preparing policy briefings, and managing their own policy projects, (Acevo Policy Internships, 2013 p. 1). Under The Minimum Wage Act 1998, a worker is someone who has a contract of employment either oral or written with a firm to perform certain duties, services or work for another party that has to be expresses or implied in the stipulated contract and he must be paid a minimum wage unless they are subjected to some special exemptions. Hence it is not an outright assumption that an intern is a worker due to some internship characteristics to do with work experience, voluntary work or work shadowing schemes. In the general traditional approach, internship periods last six to

Total cost minimization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Total cost minimization - Essay Example These activities relate to different fields of engineering including Textile Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Agricultural Engineering. One field of engineering that has been very dominating in all ages is the Civil Engineering. There have been unique ways and standards of construction throughout the history. Examples include carved caves to make space for living made by a nation who perished away many centuries ago, the Egyptian Pyramids whose construction reached its apogee â€Å"with the Great Pyramid of Khufu† (Freudenrich, 2012, p. 1), and Taj Mehal made by the Mughal Emperor Shahjehan, to Burj-Al-Arab that is the emblem of civilization and technological power of the present age. A detailed study of the engineering of the past and that of now suggests that man has always practiced the most complicated engineering methods to develop sophisticated and unique structures. The fundamental factor that has changed the most between the engineering of the past and the engine ering of the present age is the ways of construction. Manual work has been increasingly replaced by machines. As a result of this, more work can be achieved now and of higher quality in lesser time unlike the past, when it took several months or even years of uninterrupted labor and yet, the finishing would understandably be not very fine. With the advancement of technology, revolutionary changes have occurred in all fields of engineering and for the most part, the changes have been for the better. Changes in Automotive Engineering Since it is integrally linked with technology, there have occurred revolutionary changes in the automotive engineering over the centuries as a result of increase in the pace of development of technology. Presently, a lot of research is being conducted to improve the competitiveness in the automotive industry on the global scale. The academia-industry linkage is playing a special role in it. For example, presently, the focus of the researchers at Loughboro ugh University is to develop radical and innovative technologies of automation to provide the companies working in the automation industry with different kinds of business advantages. A potential example of this is the business driven automation (BDS) project. â€Å"In this fast-moving sector, the ability to change automated assembly and production systems quickly and efficiently, at minimal cost and risk across multiple global locations, is vital† (lboro.ac.uk, 2012). The contemporary automation systems are complicated in terms of service, integration, optimization, and reconfiguration. Benefits of Cost Minimization Cost minimization is frequently used in the process of product design and introduction into the market in order to bring the cost down and increase the profitability of business. As the name implies, this technique minimizes the costs. Cost minimization is extensively used in many fields in general and pharmacoeconomics in particular as a tool to compare differen t drugs that have equal tolerability and efficacy. In the study of cost-minimization, the individual needs to identify and compare all costs that are incurred in the process of therapeutic intervention so that the most cost-effective alternative can be selected from among the interventions of equal tolerability and efficacy. The concept of cost-minimization can be extended to the manufacturing industries that have