Formal Charge Example Problem

Formal Charge Example Problem Resonance structures are all the possible Lewis structures for a molecule. Formal charge is a technique to identify which resonance structure is the more correct structure. The most correct Lewis structure will be the structure where the formal charges are evenly distributed throughout the molecule. The sum of all the formal charges should equal the total charge of the molecule.Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons of each atom and the number of electrons the atom is associated with. The equation takes the form:FC eV - eN - eB/2whereeV number of valence electrons of the atom as if it were isolated from the moleculeeN number of unbound valence electrons on the atom in the moleculeeB number of electrons shared by the bonds to other atoms in the moleculeThe two resonance structures in the above picture are for carbon dioxide, CO2. To determine which diagram is the correct one, the formal charges for each atom must be calculated.For Structure A:eV fo r oxygen 6eV for carbon 4To find eN, count the number of electron dots around the atom. eN for O1 4eN for C 0eN for O2 4To find eB, count the bonds to the atom. Each bond is formed by two electrons, one donated from each atom involved in the bond. Multiply each bond by two to get the total number of electrons.eB for O1 2 bonds 4 electronseB for C 4 bonds 8 electronseB for O2 2 bonds 4 electronsUse these three values to calculate the formal charge on each atom. Formal charge of O1 eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of O1 6 - 4 - 4/2Formal charge of O1 6 - 4 - 2Formal charge of O1 0Formal charge of C eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of C1 4 - 0 - 4/2Formal charge of O1 4 - 0 - 2Formal charge of O1 0Formal charge of O2 eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of O2 6 - 4 - 4/2Formal charge of O2 6 - 4 - 2Formal charge of O2 0For Structure B:eN for O1 2eN for C 0eN for O2 6Formal charge of O1 eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of O1 6 - 2 - 6/2Formal charge of O1 6 - 2 - 3Formal charge of O1 1Formal charge of C eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of C1 4 - 0 - 4/2Formal charge of O1 4 - 0 - 2Formal charge of O1 0Formal charge of O2 eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of O2 6 - 6 - 2/2Formal charge of O2 6 - 6 - 1Formal charge of O2 -1All the formal charges on Structure A equal zero, where the formal charges on Structure B show one end is positively charged and the other is negatively charged. Since the overall distribution of Structure A is zero, Structure A is th e most correct Lewis structure for CO2.

Change Management Essay

Change Management Essay Change Management Essay tThis literature is aimed at reviewing the management of changes implemented by Toyota Australia in response to the present economic struggle experienced in the automotive industry. Conflict had begun to brew in September 2011 as the manufacturing team at the Toyota Altona manufacturing plant in Melbourne pressed for a pay increment. The Altona team was represented by the Australian Manufacturing Workers’ Union (AMWU) in a negotiation for an increase of twelve percent over the duration of three years (Beissmann 2011a). This industrial action resulted in stop-work strikes that impacted Toyota Australia’s customers, dealers, suppliers and even employees whom did not participate in the industrial action (Beissmann 2011b). Resolution was finally reached between Toyota Australia and the union after six week of numerous intensive meetings. The agreement is that Toyota Australia will offer its employees an increase of eleven percent over a period of three years. This agreement came with the cost of loss productivity which prevented the scheduled launch date for one of its primary model, the new 2012 Toyota Camry (Beissmann 2011c). This literature brings forth an important point that the rationale basis of Toyota Australia to defend their position with the union over a difference of one percent increase is in question. In early January 2012, Toyota Australia publicized on their website of their strong sales performance despite having to overcome the challenges of production disruption due to the natural disasters in Japan and Thailand. Toyota was recognized as the Australia’s most popular automotive brand (toyota.com.au. 2012a). Therefore it was unexpected following this exciting news, that Toyota Australia President and CEO, Max Yasuda, announced the execution of downsizing its labour capital by mandating 350 redundancies. Mr Yasuda justified this action as absolutely essential to remain sustainable. Toyota Australia has been compromised by the gr im market conditions which consisted of a reduction in export sales due to the current strength of the Australian currency (toyota.com.au 2012b). While minister, Kim Carr, resounded optimism that the Australia automotive industry is sufficiently resilient to withstand this tough condition, Mr Yasuda does not share the same tune. In fact, Mr Yasuda has proclaimed at present, Toyota Australia has only managed to construct a five year business plan (Beissmann 2012c). In reference to the information provided by Toyota Australia suggests that the change implemented was driven from the external environment comprising of economic downturns and decrease of competitive advantage (Neo et al. 2011). The present interpretation is that Toyota Australia has adopted the political perspective of change when the decision was made to force as opposed to voluntary redundancy offered by Ford Australia (Spinks 2012). According to Graetz et al. (2011), the key features of this perspective revolves around acquiring organizational change via aggressive tactics that produces conflict that included bargaining. This directly reflects the continuous length of industrial conflicts that Toyota Australia has encountered from employees challenge for pay increment to forced redundancy (Drill 2012). It would appear that Toyota has neglected to approach this change decision from a psychological perspective to consider the damaging effects it would have on â€Å"survivors† from the redundancy movement (Graetz et al. 2011). The downsizing strategy implemented by Toyota Australia invokes what is term â€Å"survivor guilt†, which indicates a psychological reaction experienced by employees who survived and were able to retain their positions. However the impact can provoke anxiety over the stability of their jobs consequently decrease loyalty and staff morale. This anxiety is further exacerbated by the perception that good work ethics such as dedication and competency failed to save the jobs of their colleagues. Therefore, it is proposed

3 Steps to Becoming a Successful Admin Professional

3 Steps to Becoming a Successful Admin Professional Admins are a pretty competent and put together demographic. But we all have our own particular weaknesses- some we’re aware of, some we’re not! No matter your career stage, it never hurts to do a little self-assessment and see what can be improved.Step 1: Assess Your StyleEverybody has their own particular organizational style. Some people make lists. Some people clear out their inbox and sort messages into folders every hour on the hour. Some people have a gnarl of papers on their desk, but always know how to find the one they need! You may be a neat and tidy pile person, and you may not.There are great tests available online to self-assess. But no matter what you do, figuring out what works and doesn’t work for you is an important first step to figuring out what can and should be improved.Step 2: Build Your ToolboxThis is easier said than done, and does require a thorough investigation into Step 1. But once you know your weak areas, it will be much easier to fi nd and hone the tools to help you get them back up to snuff. Google and your trusted friends are a great resource here. So are colleagues whose organization systems you find awe-inspiring. A casual, â€Å"Hey, you have any strategies for file creep you feel like sharing?† People love to brag about how well they do things. They’ll never realize you just cried for help.Step 3: Know the CostIf you don’t shore up your weak spots, you could be wasting lots of your own time, your boss’s time, your company’s money. You could let things slip through the cracks and then forget them. Even if you don’t make any big mistakes, you might be constantly worried that you might, and that stress just isn’t worth it. Better to plug up all the holes in the boat and go forth with confidence that you’re steering it straight and true.Having good- no, great organization can only help you. It will build your reputation and respect level among your cowor kers and supervisors, and will keep you calm and confident in the fact that you’re aces at your job.

Barriers in Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barriers in Communication - Essay Example These set of barriers refers to the environmental elements that hinder individuals’ ability to convey and/or receive information as originally intended. The fact of the matter is that communication messages, however skillfully imparted, are at the mercy of a barrage of physical blocks that includes faulty communication gadgets, noise, distances between the sender and the receiver, the speaker’s mannerisms, time, climate, the listeners’ sitting posture, drop-in visitors, walls, among many more physical factors (Keyton, 2011). Noteworthy, some of the physical distractions can be anticipated, and thus can be eliminated through appropriate timing and/or choosing suitable surrounding devoid of such distractions. Early preparations which include but not limited to finding a setting that permits concentration on message delivery, removing/turning off gargets such as cell phones in the presentation vicinity, ensuring speakers/microphones are properly working for audible sounds, making prior sitting arrangements, and respecting boundaries of others by not interrupting while they speak, are but a few tips of overcoming physical barriers to communication (Wood 2010). The semantic barrier in communication simply refers to the usage of words or word-combinations that have more than single meanings, which are subsequently taken out of context by the receiver (Lunenburg, 2010). Accuracy of messages conveyed is related to the connotative and denotative meanings of words; for words, depending on circumstances, may mean different things to different people. Executing communication free from language barriers demands proper communication skills; that is, first assessing the language and communication needs of the target audience and subsequently being sensitive to their points of view. Use of direct, simple, common and popular vocabulary away from

Human Patterns and Quantities of Consumption Essay

Human Patterns and Quantities of Consumption - Essay Example The message of this paper is to analyze and portray the harmful and detrimental effects on how human patterns of development and quantities would result in the environmental crisis. The fact that many environmental disasters are due to the steps in which humanity strove to be better also meant that human needs and wants were prioritized than the conservation and preservation of many natural resources and life. Many different cultural backgrounds, especially those which maintained its past traditional understanding of nature, have maintained ideas and beliefs that stressed the respect and care towards nature and the environment. The format of this paper will be using the American Psychological Association (APA) form of citation. The paper will be divided into three different sections, each focusing on a specific main sub-topic for the research paper. After all the main sub-topics have been discussed, a conclusive synthesis will wrap up the discussion of the papers and provide personal solutions or applications based on the research made. This research dissertation explores the interconnecting effects of modern day consumerism and its impact towards the natural environment and the human spirit. As human growth continues, the needs of human beings increase as well. This increases consumption of resources to satisfy human needs and wants. However, the rise of the much environmental crisis has led to an increasing attention on how the human spirit can focus on the preservation and protection of the environment instead of its exploitation The research done by this organization focuses on the balance between environmentalism and economic progress. Current business and economic enterprises find difficulty in increasing profits while trying to be more environmentally friendly.  

Reactive Power (VAR) Compensation using Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter Assignment

Reactive Power (VAR) Compensation using Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter - Assignment Example The error is sent via PI controller and summed to the grid’s voltage in order in order to get a voltage amplitude equivalent to that of the inverter. Active power generated by the inverter is compared with reference active power signal to produce error. Error passes via PI controller, giving rise to a loading angle. This loading angle is then summed to grid’s voltage phase angle, hence resulting to an increased inverter phase angle. The Phase Locked Loop will still recognize the fundamental positive sequence of the source voltage even at the worst cases scenarios of voltage harmonic distortion.   At these conditions, the active filter absorbs balanced and sinusoidal currents from the source, which are in phase with corresponding fundamental positive sequence of the source voltages. The development of this regulation structure for active power filter is employed when combining with other structures that are to be connected in dc link bus. The structures are static converters that are capable of exchanging active power between an energy source or an energy storage device (capacitor at night). The inverter easily transfers this active power to the grid.   A Power Conditioner with energy storage capability is a viable solution in improving the reliability and the qual ­ity of an electric energy supply. There are several tasks that are performed at a single time, for example current harmonic reduction, smoothing of pulsating loads and reactive power com ­pensation. Moreover, the Power Condioner should work as Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) at a short time during interruptions of the grid supply. The Power Compensator is a flexible that is coupled to energy storage device like supercapacitor and battery. At the inverter’s dc side, there is a capacitor that stabilizes proper voltage level for better operation of the inverter that acts current source. The rectifier delivers dc power

INCREMENTAL SHEET FORMING ( Mechanical Engineering ) Essay - 1

INCREMENTAL SHEET FORMING ( Mechanical Engineering ) - Essay Example The manufacturing process is desirable for mass production because of the shared value of dies and punches with production of a large number. The performance of film forming distinct rolls to achieve a particular image was done in the past. This process is known as sheet metal rolling, but the process is possible for production of natural shapes. Therefore, the search for new sheet metal forming solutions has been started. The developments took the route of searching for new shapes of rolls, which in turn paved a way for new forming scopes. (Mecanica 2009) However, in a severe world industrialization competition, there is the need to obtain the demand for increasingly complex shapes. For the demands of complex requirements, metal plate stretching attempts have been made by outstanding prototypes, to reach the final shape. In order to contour the high volume demands, the use of presses for short lead times and production costs began. The main benefits of this method is the need for the formation of a significant essential tool for the plate formation. This increases cost of the tool, as a result of high production costs. The presses system establishment is suitable for mass production. Nevertheless, in the current global fierce competition, there is a need for more and more products that are complicated by the demand. For the achievement of the final requirements, attempts for sheet metal extension on exceptional prototype have been made to achieve the optimum shape. The formation of stretch metals on presses was adopted to handle mass production demands with more batch measurements at lower costs of manufacturing. However, the system was disadvantaged in that every product needed a specific tool, for the sheet metal development. This increases the device costs which results in higher production costs. Therefore, presses forming can be appropriate